Is a Discovery an Invention or Is an Invention a Discovery Free Essays

Is a revelation a development or Is an Invention a disclosure? This Is one inquiry that can likely never be replied. A revelation can be characterized as something which previously existed, and is exhumed after one notice’s it or demonstrates its reality . Innovation is the formation of something which didn’t exist before it was made by a virtuoso brain . We will compose a custom paper test on Is a Discovery an Invention or Is an Invention a Discovery or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now For example, Newton found the presence of gravity when an apple fell on his head. It did exist before Newton understands its reality, yet then why TLD any other individual notification Its reality with the exception of him? Subsequently It Is said that Newton found gravity. While then again Thomas Alva Edison was the principal individual to make the electric bulb and his innovation was a child of his cerebrum which didn’t exist before he made it, henceforth it is supposed to be a creation. Practically all Areas of information specifically History, Art, Natural Science, Mathematics, Human science and morals are both found and created if distinctive purpose of perspectives are mulled over. Is arithmetic imagined or found? There are two inquiries which emerge In the brains of individuals when they think about this. On the off chance that math was found. Where and how Is one precisely searching for It? Is arithmetic a language? The manner in which writers add new words to English creation it increasingly reasonable and expressive; does a mathematician do likewise with numbers to make it as associated and expressive it may be? Or then again did they simply call attention to at things which consistently existed yet were standing by to be found. What's more, in the event that it was that, at that point why it did just appear to these large personalities and not to normal men. How could Newton and Leibniz, who stayed oceans separated, come up to nearly similar resolutions with respect to math, In a similar timespan? Since they reached at similar resolutions, their wellspring of information could likewise be comparable thus math could be found. Then again if math was imagined, why wouldn’t we see reality in â€Å"2+2=5†? Arithmetic depends on a lot of Axioms or what we call â€Å"postulates† which are essentially explanations that are thought to be valid without a proof. Consequently if â€Å"2+2=4† is a maxim without a proof, for what reason do we accept so somewhere down In It and use It In our dillydally issues If there Is no conceivable evidence to back It up? What's more, If It were to be valid, why wouldn’t another idea of â€Å"2+2=5†³ hold truth If a mathematician has thought of It with his own reasonable research? Hence arithmetic can be designed. Human endeavors to impersonate, supplement, modify, or check crafted naturally. † One of the most disputable subject matters is craftsmanship. This is principally in light of the fact that workmanship isn't distinct as people’s meaning of craftsmanship is profoundly emotional. What may speak to my eyes may not engage s omebody else’s eye. For an individual a cavern could be masterful, while for another it could be Just another cavern. Along these lines workmanship relies upon people groups discernment. A few craftsmen attempt to discover imagination in previously existing things. For example, a craftsman strolling by a tree stripped understands that the tree takes after a lady. For him, that is a bit of craftsmanship, which consistently existed, henceforth was found. In any case, that tree may not appear to be a lady to someone else and may look Just like a tree. A few specialists imagine something and consider it a bit of craftsmanship. For example, if a craftsman cuts a lady out of a tree, en NAS designed that piece tot workmanship. Be that as it may, again it may not really claim to others as a work of art. There is likewise a third view point to this. On the off chance that I say something, â€Å"l am hungry’, it is neither designed nor found. It is just the outflow of my Houghton/emotions. The idea was made and brought out through the medium on language. Craftsmanship also is a language used to communicate one’s innovativeness. It is just a medium and is neither concocted nor found, it is just made. Would could it be that mists each human choice? Would could it be that shapes a benchmark for the people to comprehend whether what they are doing is correct or wrong? What is it that’s structures the human still, small voice? It is morals. Morals can be characterized as, â€Å"A set of standards of right direct. † Ethics are a rundown of rules which one needs to follow to keep up a decent direct in the general public. Our choices and contemplations are totally administered by our morals. Morals are constrained into us since our young early days. Each one sooner or later or the different recollects their parent’s letting them know in their youth, â€Å"One ought to never lie†, â€Å"one ought to consistently keep their outrage in their control†, and â€Å"one ought to consistently bow their head before the incomparable God†. What are these that our parent’s are instructing us? These are morals. These grow extra time and afterward they make us answerable people. Were ethic’s designed or would they say they were found? Let’s take for instance, a correlation between the Indian culture and the Western culture a couple of falls back. At the point when widow remarriage was a no-no in the Indian culture, it was at acknowledged in the western culture. In India, one’s a spouse lapsed due to what so ever reasons, the wife needed to sit on his dead body and the relatives would consume the living wife to death alongside the dead husband. As indicated by them, at that point, relationships were sets made by God and sent to Earth. In this manner if the spouse bites the dust, the wife is additionally slaughtered thus they remain two by two much in the afterlife. That were the ethic’s of Indians around then, where as the western had an absolutely inverse culture. On the off chance that a Cubans passed on or visa versa, the other one could get remarried and settle down with another family. Along these lines if the sorts of morals thought to people are separated on the bases of elements, for this situation, Religion, at that point morals is to be concocted. Then again when it is accepted that executing individuals for our narrow minded meaner is certainly not a decent lead. Burglarizing, mishandling, offending others isn't the proper activity. What are these? These are likewise morals, yet the main distinction is that these are acknowledged around the world. Perhaps a few nations have a little discipline for it and other have a horrible en yet toward the end everybody accepts that it isn’t the correct activity. At that point how are these morals not separated on the bases of religion or some other components representing decent variety? This may be on the grounds that morals may be found and their wellspring of disclosure is either the equivalent or it is comparable. This is provided that the finish of two issues is the equivalent, either their source is comparable or the equivalent. In this way morals can either be imagined or found or perhaps made my religion or strict evangelists in the former times yet nothing can be said with complete conviction. Instructions to refer to Is a Discovery an Invention or Is an Invention a Discovery, Papers

Eldrick Tiger Woods, now 28 years of age, has had an amazing career since becoming a professional golfer in the late summer of 1996 Essay Example For Students

Eldrick Tiger Woods, presently 28 years old, has had a stunning vocation since turning into an expert golf player in the pre-fall of 1996 Essay Ronald Dahl composed Lamb To the Slaughter. Arthur Conan Doyle composed the Speckled Band. The two stories are the two killings, however vary from various perspectives. The creator Ronald Dahl is more connected with youngsters stories, for example, James and the Giant Peach being one of many. Arthur C Doyle is notable since he is the creator of the popular Sherlock Holmes, murder, and riddle books. The Speckled Band is a Sherlock Holmes plot. You know from the earliest starting point it is a homicide secret. With a plot, weapon and casualties. It is unmistakable, as it depicts the rooms in detail so it very well may be imagined, just as you are really observing it. Sherlock Holmes is known for getting his man. The anticipation in these books is attempting to work out who has carried out the wrongdoing. It is written in the nineteenth century, and it is utilizing sentence structure that is simultaneous with that time. Sheep to the Slaughter gives the proposal of homicide through the title of the novel. It is a tension novel, as in you cannot think about what will occur straightaway or whether the homicide will be gotten. It additionally has a comical inclination wove into it. This epic is set in the cutting edge twentieth century and can be seen by the syntax utilized and furthermore the way that vehicles are utilized in the account composing. The Speckled Band is a pre-imagined murder plot in that it is pre-arranged, carefully conceived. Sheep to the Slaughter wasnt pre-arranged it happens due to a local contention, however the occasions after the homicide are determined and all around arranged in a fairly debilitated manner. The homicides in the books are exceptionally troublesome. In Lamb to the Slaughter Mrs Maloney is depicted as an industrious housewife. She is glad and mollified with residential life; she is likewise pregnant. She is tranquil and serene, glad to cook, clean and sew. She was glad to take care of the house and her significant other. A case of this is Darling, will I get your shoes? At the point when he discloses to her he needs to leave her, her character changes, similar to when you switch a light switch off. She utilizes the leg of sheep that she has quite recently taken from the cooler for supper as the homicide weapon. She utilizes all her power and crushes it down on the rear of her significant other head. She has slaughtered her better half in an attack of fury. Be that as it may, she shows no regret or lament. She demonstrates she has considered an arrangement now as she goes to the food merchants shop. This gives her an explanation on her arrival she telephones the police. She meanwhile reapplies cosmetics and practices her grin and conduct with the guide of a mirror. She is figuring and cold in her habits. She at that point continues to cook the leg of sheep and while the police are there, she offers them supper. She wasnt actually a suspect and the homicide weapon is eaten. Her chilly character is appeared toward the end when the police officers are eating their feast talking about that the proof could be without them even noticing and she chuckles. In the Speckled Band, it is progressively regular as in the killer fits the part. The creator depicts the executioner as An enormous face, singed with thousands wrinkles, consumed yellow by the sun and set apart with each detestable energy, was abandoned one excessively the other of us, while his profound set, bile shot eyes and the high slight meatiness nose, gave him to some degree the likeness to a savage old flying creature of prey. He is depicted as an unhinged man as in he is uneven in his psyche, enormous and solid, vicious and ill humored at this point he is likewise extremely shrewd. His homicides are pre-considered and carefully conceived. .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a , .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a .postImageUrl , .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a , .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a:hover , .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a:visited , .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a:active { border:0!important; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a:active , .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u0c536 b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u0c536b40425497892b040fd11c492a3a:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Restaurant proposition EssayThis is appeared in the manner in which he murdered his stepdaughters so he wouldnt need to pay a settlement on there marriage. The homicide weapon in this novel was an outlandish snake. In Lamb to the Slaughter the casualty is a police officer. Hes depicted as being molly-pampered, his better half being more similar to a mother than a spouse. As in shes available to his no matter what. He feels choked by her expressions of love and care. His discussion when he comes back from work shows that he has something that he needs to reveal to her that is significant. He is spur of the moment with her revealing to her he doesnt need supper and to plunk down. It never expressed why he needs to surrender it is left over to the perusers own decisions. The creator shows now the spouse is worried by his short sentences and the wording he utilizes, his depiction of a little muscle moving close to the edge of his left eye and furthermore yet there neednt truly be any complain. I want to think not in any case. It wouldnt be useful for my activity. In Speckled Band the casualty is very cliché of a casualty in that they are frail, helpless, terrified and distressed, her face all drawn and dim, with fretful eyes, similar to those of a startled creature. There is additionally a second casualty not a ton is composed with respect to her separated from the way that she is Helen Stoners sister and they manner by which she bites the dust which is rehashed all through the novel. In the two books they are police, again they depicted in various ways. In Lamb to the Slaughter there are various police officer, they are portrayed as marginally idiotic, as they neglect to scrutinize the spouse completely or search for the weapon, they even have a sympathy with her. They do look at her justification and when it is demonstrated genuine she is excused. They show their ineptitude by route that at the table as they are eating they state that the weapon must be under there noses, which obviously it is. In Speckled Band it is Sherlock Holmes and Watson who are the police. Sherlock Holmes is eminence for having great critical thinking methods, a knowledge into the criminal brain. He has tackled various killings from utilizing these procedures. He likewise has an information on how the casualties voyaged which is demonstrated when he states You had a decent drive in a pooch truck he shows now he realize this data by proceeding to state There is no secret my dear Madam. The left arm of your coat is splattered with mud. There is no vehicle spare a dogcart, which tosses mud in that way. In the Lamb to the Slaughter Mary pulls off the homicide. She gives the impression of acting courageously on the circumstance, making its best. Her limit to submit the homicide of her significant other was the reality he needed to leave her. In Speckled Band Dr Roylott murders his stepdaughters for cash. His better half passes on and leaves him with a legacy and two stepdaughters. He plots to kill them so he wont need to pay a settlement when they get hitched. So he keeps the riches himself. What he doesnt expect is the homicide weapon that he used to really murder him. This is the thing that I would class an equitable sweets. I delighted in Lamb to the Slaughter the best as it is set in current occasions and very amusing. The sentence structure was simpler to peruse and comprehend and you additionally had a sympathy with the two primary characters. The Speckled Band had great depiction yet wasnt as simple to peruse as the syntax utilized was noteworthy of the nineteenth century when it was composed. Previous123

When Cooking Gets Hard

When Cooking Gets Hard As a junior, cooking for myself in my apartment has been a struggle I face every day. My meals consist of spicy Ramen, ham sandwiches, and smoothies when Im feeling healthy now and then. Since moving out of my residence hall (shoutout to LAR Shelden 4!), I always think of how awesome the university dining halls were during my freshman year. Tacos for lunch at ISR on Mondays, delicious donuts at Busey-Evans, and my favorite, breakfast for dinner at PAR, are just a few of the many options that the dining halls around campus offer students. Feelin hungry? Just wait, theres more. The best thing about the dining halls is that students are free to choose where they want to eat for every meal! I lived in Lincoln Avenue Residence Hall, but I would always make my way to Busey-Evans during lunch for their specialty restaurant, Oodles, and ISR on Mondays for Mexican-themed food. The variety of food offered is endless and that is why Illinois dining hall system is one of the best. They cater to every students needs and always guarantee the best quality. Did you know, a majority of our fruits and vegetables comes from our schools south farms?! You get only the best in the dining halls! Eating good meals is essential to a healthy college lifestyle and Illinois dining halls provides everything you need. Lets eat to that! Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

Holocaust On Air in The Pianist - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2459 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Holocaust Essay Did you like this example? There is a controversial debate regarding the film The Pianist (2002) directed by Roman Polanski on whether it is a truthful representation of the Holocaust which involved systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution of six million Jews (Introduction to the Holocaust). In particular, there are many views that the film was not focused on the Holocaust event itself, but rather primarily intended to convey the power of art and the relationship between aesthetics and politics. Specifically, Polanski used devastating, chaotic conditions of the Holocaust and the beauty of music which moved the German officers heart as two contrasting aspects to emphasize the power of art in society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Holocaust On Air in The Pianist" essay for you Create order In other words, Holocaust was one of the minor focus in the film as it was simply utilized as a background to magnify how aesthetics â€Å" in this case, music â€Å" is strongly influential even in that kind of threatening period. It is obvious that art is one of the main points Polanski wanted to discuss through the film as its title is even called The Pianist; the significance of music as a theme of this movie cannot be dismissed. However, the incident of the Holocaust also should not be dismissed as well because directorial choices and details of the film such as sound effect and design of the shelter meticulously displayed all the depressing situations in which Jews experienced during the Holocaust. The Holocaust is not concealed under aesthetics but was rather truthfully represented in the film; Polanski equally highlighted both music and the Holocaust, not heavily focusing one over the other. First and foremost, many details directed by Polanski in the film expertly picture the life and emotions of Jews hiding from the Germans, which implies that Polanski took a lot of effort in portraying what the Holocaust would have been like in the perspective of Jewish people. For example, in the scenes when Szpilman lived in an apartment where he was locked inside with the assistance from a married couple, there were two major directorial choices that allowed the film to show specifically what the life of Jews hiding from the Germans would have been. Firstly, the usage of various sound effects in these particular scenes built up the tension of the film. For example, the car engine sound and the sound of car doors being slammed and Germans speaking German arouse the feeling of nervousness right away because if Szpilman gets caught, it will lead to very negative consequences. Then, the tension builds up more as Szpilman hears Germans climbing up the stairs and knocking hardly on the d oors near where he is living. Such sound effects produced as the scene progresses make even the audience feel nervous, which conveys the feelings of Jewish people had during the Holocaust more effectively because they are experiencing similar emotions. Through this choice, Polanski was able to portray the situation in which Jewish people had to feel fear in every moment of their lives. Additionally, sound effects in these scenes enabled Polanski to highlight how Holocaust negatively affected Szpilmans life. Before the Holocaust, beautiful sound of music was present in Szplimans life as a pianist, showing one of the brightest times in his life. However, as the film moved on to the Holocaust, sound such as bombing and gunshot took over his life and continuously tortured him; this directly showed that everything before the Holocaust was taken away from him. As a result, his life has fallen off to the darkest time in his life. Happiness he used to have was not visible anymore. The time when he pretended playing piano was only when such sound was blocked, giving him comfort. Due to these contrasting sounds in his life, the negative effects of the incident on him were strongly emphasized and more conspicuous. In fact, they were especially magnified because his occupation was a musician â€Å" a job that involves sensitive hearing. Sound effects therefore played a great role in sketching the Holocaust in this film, representing very well in terms of how the Jews were affected in every aspect of their lives. The second directorial choice that contributed to highlighting the Holocaust in these scenes was the presence of windows in the shelter. Even though he was physically isolated from outside, he could literally see what was going on outside through the windows every day. In other words, the apartment where he was hiding could have provided a shelter for him, but Szpilman was actually not separated, at least mentally, from the outside world, where Jewish people are ruthlessly beaten and killed by the Germans. It was visible in the film that Spzilman always had to remain in alert as he kept checking through the windows if something risky that could possibly affect him was happening outside. This implied the fact that Jewish people were never able to avoid the reality. The directorial choice of including the windows to the setting made the windows picture Jewish people who were always in danger hiding from the Germans. Szpilman might have had stayed in the place where there are no windows . However, if that was the case, the director would not have been able to carefully express the nervousness Jewish people felt because then sight would have been completely blocked. The visual aid of bombing and people being shot, which Szpilman was able to see through the windows, clearly placed additional tension on the film and explained the life of Jewish people more directly. In conclusion, Polanski meticulously created the setting with such detail in order for the film to truthfully display the Holocaust. However, there are several counterarguments refuting that there are many directorial choices making this film a very weak representation of the Holocaust. The first question usually brought up in the discussion is the reason why Polanski chose the life of Wladyslaw Szpilman to portray the incident. This is often challenged because Szpilman did not experience the concentration camps, the most common material that pops up into peoples minds when the word Holocaust is given. People point out that if Polanski intended to picture the real Holocaust in the film, he would have chosen a different persons life which involves the time in the concentration camps, making the film more provocative and a more truthful representation of the incident. However, because Szpilmans life was very different compared to other Jewish people, Polanski was able to show a different aspect â€Å" Jews hiding â€Å" of the event. What Jewish people underwent in the concentration camps is well known by the publ ic at this point. If The Pianist showed the concentration camps just like other Holocaust movies, it would have been very banal. The film was therefore a very unique approach. In fact, hiding life shown in the film was not very different. Just like other Jews, Szpilman was separated from his family. He was always under target, so there was always risk for death. At times, his life was even tougher than those in the concentration camps as he had to keep running away from the Germans whenever he judged that staying is not safe anymore. In addition, he often didnt have any food to eat. This implies that situations of Jews outside the concentration camp were quite similar to those forced to stay in the camps. This unique choice conveyed the fact that regardless of the situations Jewish people were in, they suffered equally under the Germans, ultimately directing the audience to think about the same Holocaust in a different perspective. In fact, the film itself was provocative enough as it showed various scenes picturing the cruelty of Germans. For instance, there was one scene when the Germans threw an elder sitting on his wheelchair off a balcony to his death. There was another scene when one German soldier shot a woman as soon as she asked where she is being taken to. Besides these scenes, dead bodies being piled up and burned on the streets, massive revenge executed whenever the Jewish people rebel against the Germans, constant beating and all kinds of mistreatment successfully showed the real brutality of Germans during the Holocaust. In other words, the film was provocative enough without the concentration camps, again emphasizing that people who did not go through the concentration camps similarly experienced harsh life. It was therefore not too different. Another point often made following the previous challenge is the ending of the film. First, Szpilman miraculously survived from the Holocaust. Second, it is natural that one suffers from the traumatizing event afterwards, but Szpilman was displayed as a very healthy person, who seemed to have completely recovered from the incident right away; he even played piano just like he previously did. People point out that this kind of happy ending is unusual. However, not everyone dies from the event. Szpilman was just one of the people who survived. Similarly, in the novel The Complete Maus written by Art Spiegelman, in which the author writes about his fathers experience in the Holocaust, the father luckily survived from the Holocaust too. Even the scene when Szpilman was suspected as German (because he was wearing a German coat) after the end of the war showed group of other people who survived, so it was not extremely unusual. Moreover, this does not make any difference because survivors are equally the victims of the Holocaust and part of the incident. Regarding the second point, Szpilmans life afterwards is when the power of music that director wants to point out emerges. It is music that comforted Szpilman and enabled him to live a normal life after the war because he got music back in his life. Thus, the movie wraps up with scenes of him playing the piano to show this; because Polanski wanted to highlight both art and the incident, he structured the ending in this way. This kind of unusual ending does not weaken the Holocaust part of the film at all because main part of the Holocaust is what happened during the Holocaust, not that after the Holocaust; it is already depicted carefully in the previous scenes. In conclusion, although the film deals with aspects of the Holocaust unfamiliar to the audience, they do not make this film a false representation. Moreover, other counterarguments point out that although Polanski attempted to portray the Holocaust in detail, relatively heavy focus on music consequently weakened the films direct representation of the incident. With respect to this, people primarily argue that music was what drove the German officer named Hosenfeld to save Szpilman when he found him trying to open a can in an abandoned building and continue to provide him supplies afterwards until the end of the war. However, the history specifically reported that Hosenfeld saw how the Nazis dealt with the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and around this time decided to make a difference, helping to shelter and save several persecuted individuals (Admin, M.). To recognize and honor his kindness, Yad Vashem, Israels largest memorial to the victims of the Holocaust, presented members of his family with a medal in tribute for the actions he took in Warsaw (Officer Who Saved The Pianist Honored). Yad Vashem chairman Avner Shalev stated that h e exercised a very very human kind of behavior. Like this, the historical record points out that the German officer saved lives of Jews other than Szpilman. In other words, it was not music that specifically caused him not to kill him. Even the film depicts the kindness of Hosenfeld. If he were just a normal German under Hitler, he would have just killed Szpilman as soon as he saw him; however, he didnt. He started talking to him and showed interest in him. His eyes even seemed like he did not have any threatening intention to kill him from the beginning. Thus, it is quite difficult to connect music to this matter. There are also claims that music was definitely a motivation for him to survive, which made the focus of this film shifted to music rather than the incident. However, Polanski rather depicted music as a source of comfort for Szpilman. Music took over whenever piano was spotted and literally provided him a time of isolation from the Holocaust. If music was a motivation for him to live, music would have appeared in the film more frequently. In fact, scenes related to the Holocaust appeared more often, which implies that Polanski did not heavily focus on music. To explain, music only appeared in the film whenever piano was present. Even when he pretended playing piano, there was piano with him. In other words, without piano, music was not expressed in his life at all. However, he even sold his piano for his survival, which lessened the amount of screenplays related to music. This shows that living was the priority in his life, not accompanying music by keeping the piano with him. Even w ithout piano, if Polanski wanted to put stronger emphasis on music, he would have included additional scenes such as Szpilmans recount on music stopping his consideration of death. However, not a single scene even displayed him thinking of death, so it is unreasonable to argue that music motivated him to survive. Moreover, the fact that no one wants to die is notable as living is one of human beings common desires. In the film, Szpilman showed human-like responses to any potential danger that could possibly kill him. He just did not want to die. Thus, music did not contribute to his actions that much. Like this, although music indeed played one of the major roles in the film, it was, in fact, not as heavily concentrated as usually evaluated by the audience. Due to awe of music pictured in the film with professional piano playing, it is very easy to miss or even forget about the Holocaust described in the film. However, if we pay closer attention, we can clearly see how Polanski meticulously directed the film in a way that music does not stand out too much, balancing the significance of both music and the Holocaust. Although the Holocaust was displayed differently from most Holocaust films due to the interesting life of Szpilman, it undoubtedly represents the same incident by including provocative scenes of cruelty of the Germans. On top of that, counterarguments pointing out strong emphasis on music hindering truthful depiction of the Holocaust are masterfully weakened by Polanskis choices regarding Hosenfelds actions and the role of music in Szpilmans Holocaust experience. This also does not necessarily mean that the theme of music was undermined. Overall, within the same representation, The Pianist allowed us to extend our view of the Holocaust to hiding life of Jewish people during the incident through Szpilmans life and consider the value of aesthetics in our society at the same time.

Health Care Delivery System Us Public Health System

Title US Health Care Delivery System US Public Health System Mission Achieving universal access, delivering services that are cost-effective, and meeting pre-established standards of quality. Ensuring conditions in which the entire population can be healthy by protecting, promoting, and advancing the health and safety of the nation. Structure -There are four functional components of health care delivery system. 1-Financing: to purchase insurance or to pay for health care services consumed. 2-Insurance: to protect against catastrophic risk 3-Delivery: to provide health care services. 4-Payment: to reimburse providers for services rendered. -The subsystems of US Health Care Delivery includes: Managed Care (HMOs and PPOs), Military, Vulnerable Populations, and Integrated Delivery. The entities Comprising the Public Health Infrastructure include: County and city health departments and local boards of health - State, territorial, and island nation health departments - Various U.S. Public Health Service agencies in the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) - Tribal health agencies coordinated at HHS by the Indian Health Service - Public and private laboratories - Hospitals and other private-sector healthcare providers - Volunteer organizations, such as the American Red Cross, American Diabetes Association, American Cancer Society. Workforce Employs approximately 10 million people: 850,000 doctors 3 million nurses 168,000 dentists 208,000 pharmacists 700,000Show MoreRelatedObservations And Analysis Of The United States Health Care Delivery System1403 Words   |  6 Pagesand analysis of the comparison: The Matrix tells that the US health care delivery system that (The process that enables people to receive health care or the provision of health care services to patients) is complex and massive, and despite the uniqueness of the US health care delivery system, but it lacks the universal access (no national health care program); therefore, not all population has continuous and comprehensive health care. Its mission is to have universal access with better qualityRead MoreHealth Delivery System Of The United States1539 Words   |  7 PagesTutor: Date: Health delivery system in the US versus England The background of health delivery system in both US and England The health care system of the United States is different. 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Sociology Families Free Essays

Soci 1002 Presentation Is this really true, are afro-Caribbean families dysfunctional. In addressing this point, I will examine the sociology theorist Michael Garfield smith. Smith believed that European family’s norms and values are important in one way or another to the assimilation process and plays a major role in the afro- Caribbean families. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Families or any similar topic only for you Order Now He argued that the plantation destroyed African culture and he saw the plantation as the basis on which the Caribbean family structure was formed. Smith had no doubt that the experience of previous generations on plantation has no doubt influenced the way in which subsequent generations were socialized, but he argues that over time families adjust to the present social conditions. European family norms was based mainly the nuclear family, but for afro-caribbean families there are several other types of families. These other types of afro- Caribbean families should be viewed as dysfunctional because it is not of what the European family norms consist of. The other types of afro-caribbean family structures are: The matrifocal family- The emergence and functioning of African slave  families was adverse to the objectives of the plantation. Family units of the slaves were very often  broken up  and males were often sold to other plantations far away while the mother and her child  were left to survive as a  unit. On the other hand, there are other factors, however, which contributed to matrifocality in the contemporary Car ibbean. These include migration, imprisonment of males, crime, and male marginalization. On  the issue of male marginalization; the male on the plantation could not own property and had no family rights. Hence the marginalization of the male in the Afro-Caribbean family started on the plantation and was further influenced by the aforementioned factors in the  modern era. * The visiting union- This is a frequent occurrence in the Caribbean it is domestic unit of a woman and her children. Here the mother and her children live apart of the father but may be visited but may be visited by a mann which the mother shares a relationship with. * The common law unit- Similar to the nuclear family, however it is an ongoing bond that without legal marriage. Here the spouses are committed to each other sexually and raise children in a stable relationship. How to cite Sociology Families, Papers

The French Revolution Essays (738 words) - Kingdom Of France, France

The French Revolution Introduction The French Revolution was a turning point in France's history. The Revolution began when King Louis XVI called the Estates General to provide money for his bankrupt government. Between 1789 and 1799 many kings, queens, nobles, and clergyman lost their power and status in France. France's government changes drastically over the ten years the war was fought and it will never be the same. Description By the end of 1788, France was on the verge of bankruptcy. King Louis was a very indecisive and shy king. He didn't care much for politics or people. Through his carelessness Louis chose officials who stole money from him and France. Since France had no money and a large debt to pay the king taxed the citizens harshly. The angry French grew tired of the heavy taxes and riots broke out constantly against the king. Louie summoned the General Estates to meet at the Palace of Versailles for the first time since 1614. Louis had all three estates prepare cahiers. The cahiers were notebooks listing the grievances of each estate. Many cahiers asked for reform. These reforms includes: freedom of speech, a regular meeting of the Estates General, and fairer taxes. The third estate and least influential was also the largest. It contained one million middle class citizens and twenty-four million laborers and working class citizens. The third estate sick of being refused by nobles and being out-voted(not in count but rank) formed the National Assembly. When their normal meeting place was locked for preparations of a royal speech the National Assembly took it as a threat. Between the ten days of June 17,1789 and June 27, 1789, the delegates of the assembly took the Tennis Court Oath. The oath meant that they would not dismember until a fair constitution was written up for France. After many nobles joined the National Assembly the king had not choice but to accept them, but by the end of July 1789, the food shortages had worsened along with the heavy taxes. It was rumored King Louis was also going to demolish the assembly giving the citizens more of a reason to fight back. Relationship to the French Revolution The main reason for the French Revolution was a lack of money. This lack of money for King Louis XVI bankrupt government caused Louis to tax the people of France tremendously. When riots became to much for Louis to handle, he called the three estates to list their grievances. The Third estate was made up of farmers, laborers, peasants, and middle class citizens. Since the nobles and clergy didn't have to pay any land tax the members of the third estate were the ones being taxed the most. They wanted each member of the whole assembly to have a vote, but the nobles and clergy refused. The representatives from the third estate withdrew from the assembly. They met at a near-by tennis court and declared themselves the National Assembly. They took the Tennis Court Oath vowing not to disband until they had written a constitution for France. After many nobles joined, the king has to finally recognize them. Louis still tried to break up the assembly which lead to the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. All of these events lead up to the start of what we today call the French Revolution. Examples The French Revolution was caused by the king not having enough money to pay off his debt and taxing the French citizens on everything they could possibly be taxed on. Some of the things taxed them on were: income, land, property, crops, salt, tobacco, wine, and cider. The people even had to pay a poll tax for the privilege of being born in France. They had to pay a tax on the money they received after selling a piece of property or land. Peasants had to pay an additional tax on sales tax. Shoe makers couldn't make shoes because the tax on leather was too expensive. The French citizens hated the tax collectors and called them, Bloodsuckers of the nation who drink the tears of the unfortunate from goblets of gold. Closing The king's irresponsibility caused him to tax the French harshly. I think that the French Revolution is a symbol of the strength and power of the people. In the beginning the king ruled supremely and only. Through the power of the people and the French Revolution the French changed their government. After the war the French formed a National Convention and framed a constitution in 1795. Even thought

w arren G. harding essays

w arren G. harding essays Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, Umtata, Transkei. Nelson Mandela was a South African lawyer and he was also a black nationalist who was the African National Congress fropm March 1990. Mr. Mandela was imprisoned from 1962 to February 1990 because of his poltical activities, and he became a symbol of the frustrated aspirations of South Africa's black majority. Nelson Mandela the son of chief Henry Mandela of the Xhosa-speacking Tembu tribe, Nelson mandela was educated at University College of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand and qualified in law in 9142. He joined the ANC in 1944 and soon became one of the black-liberation group's leaders. He engaged in resistance against the ruling National Party's aparteid policies after 1948 and eventually went on trial for treasonin 1956-61.This trial was acquitted 1961. During this extended he devorced his first wife and married Nomzamo Winifred. After the massacre of unarmed Africans by police forces at Sharpeville in 1960 and the subsequent banning of the ANC, Mandela abandoned hisnonviolent stance and began advocating actsof sabotage against the South African regime. In 1961 he was jailed again and sentenced to five years imprisonment. In 1963 the imprisoned Mandela and several other men were tried for sabatage, treason, and violent conspiracy in the celebrated Rivonia Trial, named after a fashionable suburb of Johannesburg where raiding police had discovered quantities of arms and equipment at the headquarters of the underground Umkhonto." Spear of the Nation," the ANC's military wing. Mandela had been a founder of the organization and admitted the truth of some of the charges that were made against him. On June 11, 1964, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. ...

Real-World Green Chemistry Examples

Reals Green chemistry seeks to develop products and processes that are kind to the environment. This can involve reducing the waste a process creates, using renewable materials, lessening the energy required to form a product, etc. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsors an annual challenge for the most innovative green chemistry inventions, plus you can find examples of green chemistry in many of the products you buy and use. Here are some interesting sustainable chemistry achievements: Biodegradable Plastics Plastics being developed from eco-friendly renewable sources, plus some modern plastics are biodegradable. The combination of innovations reduces our dependence on petroleum products, protects humans and wildlife from undesirable chemicals in old plastics, and reduces waste and impact on the environment. Scientists at  NatureWorks  of Minnetonka, Minnesota, makes food containers from a polymer called polylactic acid, made using  microorganisms to convert cornstarch into a resin. The resulting polymer is used to replace rigid petroleum-based plastic used in yogurt containers and water bottles. Advances in Medicine Pharmaceuticals are expensive to produce in part because of the complicated and exacting synthesis mechanisms required to produce some drugs. Green chemistry seeks to streamline production processes, reduce the environmental impact of drugs and their metabolites, and minimize toxic chemicals used in reactions. Professor Yi Tang, of the University of California,  devised an improved  synthesis process to make  Zocor ®, which is the brand name for  the drug, Simvastatin, used to treat high cholesterol. The previous process used hazardous chemicals and released a large volume of toxic waste. Professor Tangs process uses  an engineered enzyme and a low-cost feedstock. The company Codexis, then took the mechanism and  optimized the enzyme and synthesis process so the drug could be manufactured more safely, less expensively, and with less of an environmental impact. Research and Development Scientific research employs a number of techniques that use hazardous chemicals and release waste into the environment. New greener processes keep research and tech on track while making it safer, cheaper, and less wasteful. Life Technologies  developed a three-step, one-pot synthesis method for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), used in genetic testing. The new process is more efficient, consuming  up to 95 percent less organic solvent and releasing up to 65 percent less waste compared with the conventional protocol. Using the new process, Life Technologies  eliminates about  1.5 million pounds of hazardous waste each year. Paint and Pigment Chemistry Green paints go way beyond eliminating lead from formulations! Modern paints reduce toxic chemicals released as paints dry, substitute safer pigments for some poisonous colors, and reduce toxins when the paint is removed. Procter Gamble and Cook Composites and Polymers formulated a soya oil and sugar mixture to replace petroleum-derived paint resins and solvents. Formulations using the mixture release 50% fewer hazardous volatile compounds.Sherwin-Williams created water-based acrylic alkyd paints that contain low levels of volatile organic compounds  (VOCs). The acrylic paint is made from a mixture of acrylics, soybean oil, and recycled PET bottles. Manufacturing Many of the processes used to make products rely on toxic chemicals or could be streamlined to reduce the use of resources and release of waste. Green chemistry seeks to develop new processes and improve conventional production methods. Faraday has developed a plating process to make high-performance chrome coatings from trivalent chromium instead of highly toxic hexavalent chromium.

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Auditing - Essay Example The alternative adopted by the audit assistant is the information related to the Club casino has been carefully removed as far as its referencing is concerned. On the other hand, provision for safeguarding the information of the organization may be created against the leakage of information either by the professional or any employee associated with the company.1 ii) The duties of the company secretary cannot be performed by the engagement partner of Ace Limited audit because the engagement partner is not well versed with the work performed by the company secretary of the company. Moreover, the engagement partner is already assigned the tedious task of audit reporting, maintaining relation with the client. However, an engagement partner can be linked to other companies, so the laws that the company abides by should not be disclosed to an external individual as this may violate the law of confidentiality. As an alternative course of action to this violation the company should safeguard itself by appointing any close member from the company itself, like the internal auditor of the company. This way less chances will be there for the internal information of the company to leak out.2 i) Slipway Limited is in a situation where the company is facing constant decline for the past two years and the scope of cost cutting also seems difficult due to the purchase of imported machineries. These machineries were purchased so as to increase falling operations by carrying out the operations of the company more effectively. The bank providing loans to the company may be at whelm of an audit risk, whereby the documents of the company have every possibility of being overstated than the actual financial statements of the company. The audit risk particularly affects the transaction in the financial statement of accounts which portrays wrong information about the current financial position of the organization. However, the three

Global Strategic Resource Allocation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Global Strategic Resource Allocation - Essay Example With this concern, a discussion will be made regarding a particular global health topic for a selected country i.e. the UK. In this regard, the global health topic, which will be discussed in the following discussion is â€Å"The Need for More Community Health Workers.† From various studies, it can be apparently observed that there exists a correlation between health and social problems. In the UK, the individuals with higher income can better meet the costs of healthcare services, whereas the poorer people have to suffer. The government of the UK has taken numerous steps to serve people who have low income and cannot afford to invest more in accessing varied healthcare services. It is worth mentioning that the UK government has developed various programs and with the help the Community Health Workers, it desired to create greater awareness in the entire region. The government strongly believed that the utilization of community health workers in a large manner will certainly contribute in providing greater health services to the individuals belonging to the UK and also a strategy to suffice the growing shortages of health workers in the UK. The involvement of the government and active participation of World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced certain programs that range from large scale to community-based initiatives in order to serve the individuals effectively residing in the UK. The absence of such programs and the community health workers have might greatly affect the people and the healthcare system of the UK at large (Appleby, 2011). The government of the UK is recognized to set and hold the utmost standards of professionalism in the healthcare sector. The nation has come forward to serve the individuals and also to encourage ethical behaviors. It is worth mentioning that with the help of the community health workers, the UK government desires to protect the interests of the people. The government

The Fight for Sanity in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essay

The Fight for Sanity in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper is partly autobiographical and it illustrates the fight for selfhood by a women in an oppressed and oppressive environment.   In the story, the narrator is not allowed to write or think, basically becoming more dysfunctional as she is entrapped in a former nursery room where bars adorn the windows and the bed is nailed to the floor.   In this story there is an obstinacy on behalf of the narrator as she tries to go around her husband's and physician's restrictions, however, there is no resisting the oppressive nature of her environment and she finally surrenders to madness even though it represents some kind of selfhood and resistance because it allows her to escape her oppression, "She obsesses about the yellow wallpaper, in which she sees frightful patterns and an imprisoned female figure trying to emerge.   The narrator finally escapes from her controlling husband and the intolerable confines of her existenc e by a final descent into insanity as she peels the wallpaper off and bars her husband from the room" (Gilman, 1999, 1).    Gilman herself suffered from post-partum hysteria and was treated by a famous doctor of the era, one who prescribed his famous "rest cure", the same cure the female narrator cannot tolerate and defies in The Yellow Wallpaper.   In this story the narrator remains nameless and there is good reason for it.   She feels as if she has no identity or control over obtaining fulfillment and unity and satisfaction in life.   Her husband is a doctor who also prescribes complete rest for her and is opposed to her doing the one thing that seems to give her a unique voice, writing.   Thus, the narrator defies her... ...ation of the personality)" (Brown, 1999, 1).   Gilman shows how this descent is inevitable in such an oppressive environment, unless, of course, one is as strong as Gilman herself in overcoming such an environment.      Works Cited The Yellow Wallpaper. http://members.aol.com/luvthebard/111/yellowwallpaper.html, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2. Brown, B. D.   A Psychological Approach to Charlotte Perkins Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper. http://www.usinternet.com/users/bdbourn/yellow.htm, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2. Dewey, J.   Art and Education: A Collection of Essays.   Pennsylvania, The Barnes Foundation Press, 1954. Gilman, C. P.   Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader.   New York, Pantheon Books, 1980. Gilman, C. P. Charlotte Perkins Gilman:   The Yellow Wallpaper. http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/gilman87-des-.html, Aug. 2, 1999, 1-2.   

Staff Training And Development Essay

Sustaining Effective Staff Training And Development Essay IntroductionWhat is training and development?Training and development is a concept in management which allow the organisational activity to be aimed directly at performance of individuals, groups and the organization (Landale, 1999). There are three main activities under the guise of training and development which are interlinked – training, education and development. It is not just the role of the employer to identify training and development needs, the employee also needs to be able to identify their role in the organization and how they can effectively develop themselves (Landale, 1999). Van der Bossche et al (2010) acknowledge that due to the rapid advancements in technology and knowledge require the individual to participate in personal and professional development. The development of talent within the organization is necessary for competitive advantage to exist, it is also necessary for the retention of employees. The organization needs to identify talent and to support the individuals through all their training needsStaff Training and Development is described asthe necessity to cover the essential skills used in the everyday work situation. Within the promotion of training and development, the individual needs to be focused on the goal of developing their skills, knowledge and understanding of how the organization exists within its environment (Jerling, 1996). If the manager can motivate the employee in their work and can encourage development then the employee will see it in a positive light and will work towards the goals.I I Background Having effective employees is instrumental to the success of any business organization. This is the case because of the high employee turnover rates and high unemployment rates evident in most countries. Since the 2008 recession in the U.S, other countries of the world have experienced the ripple effects as the world largest economy struggles to recover. The European nations have suffered under the current debt crisis that has shrunk economies in Europe. Other countries in African and Asia have also felt the impact, as their economies are most dependent on both the U.S and European markets for trade. The subject of having effective employees has therefore, gained relevance as employers look for ways to sustain their workers. In an effort to keep their most important asset, organizations are heavily involved in the training and development of employees (Hung &Wong 2007). Training and development has been a tool used by organizations to mitigate the risks of losing employee to other or ganizations. It has also been used to groom future leaders of the company, as well as assist organizations in saving time and money. This essay shall discuss two theories that discuss employer support and training, as well as the impacts of employee performance in relation to training and development of employees.III Development Humphry Hung and Yiu Wong have come up with two theories that discuss the relationship between the employer and the workers when it comes to training, continuing education and work study performance (Hung and Wong, 2007). The theories were introduced because of a case study of Hong Kong students who were in school and worked at the same time. The authors then came up with the theories to help explain the student or employee’s performance in relations to their employees and employer relationship (Hung and Wong, 2007). The first theory was the psychological contract theory while the second one was the expectancy dis-confirmation theory. The researchers realized the need for employees to have an education so that they are able to move up the ladder as far as the work force is concerned. The researchers used the employee and employer relations as the subject of research, and came up with a model to explain how training and development can be effectively used in the workplace (Hung &Wong2007).Psychological contract theoryAccording to the psychological theory, the employer and the employee have a set of beliefs, promises and obligations that go beyond the formal contract between the two. This psychological contract theory is attributed to the second wave of research in this subject, namely where the basis is a mutual loyalty between employees and organization (Hall and Moss, 1998). The elements of the third wave of research on the psychological contract, which measures the attitudes and perpceptions of employees towards organization are demonstrated below (Robinson, 1996). In other words, once an employer hires an employee, the employee has to abide by certain rules while the employer is obligated to behave professionally. This means that the employees expect to exchange their loyalty and productivity for wages and other forms of compensation (Kimberly 2009). This theory may be regarded to be limited in delivery of depth of investigation of relations between organization and employees (Robinson and Morrisson, 1995). This suggests that recent research has failed to acknowledge the fact that psychological contact theory is more multi-dimensional as opposed to what has been presented in the research (Trunley and Feldamn, 1999a). As a result, there were two kinds of contents presented, namely transactional and relational. Transactional content involves measurable economic exchanges between the two parties. For instance, an employee works 40 hours a week for a paycheck at the end of the week. Relational contents are based on trust and long-term relationships. In such a case, an employee can delegate a certain role to the employee based on trust (McConnell 2004). In the study, three principles can emerged. First, there is interaction at an individual level, mutual relationship between the two parties and finally tactical exchanges. Most people believe that the relationship between the employee and the employer is based on personal ties because the employer is an embodiment of the organization, and the experience of their interaction dictates the success of an organization (Hung &Hing 2007). On the other hand, some believe that there has to be a mutual relationship between the employer and the employee for organizations to succeed. The mutual obligation is based on the belief that the employer is obliged to the employee in return for a commitment. Finally, the tactical exchanges occur between the workers in which case, the employee insists on a mental connection between the two parties (Kimberly 2009). The significance of the psychological contract theory is that it attempts to explain the employee’s behavior in regards to how he is treated by the employer. In other words, the employee relationship to the employer is imperative to matters regarding how employees react when subjected to training by organizations. The development of the employee dictates the performance of the employee in the continuing work-study. The research found that students who had a good working relationship with their employer performed well in their training and education compared to those who had a bad relationship (Hung &Hing 2007). Another limitation is attributed to the assumption, that psychological contact theory fails to address the specifics of individual work behaviour (Robinson, 1996a). From methodological perspective, this theory was developed on the basis of employee’s self-appraisals. As a result, it failed to include the actual supervisor’s appraisals, which are perceived to be quite crucial in delivery of objective opinion on the subject of job performance (Keeney and Svyantek, 2000).Expectancy disconfirmation theoryThe expectancy disconfirmation theory is similar to that of consumer dissonance. Only that in this case, it deals with the employee, as opposed to the consumer. The theory was brought about from the comparison of a worker and a consumer when dealing with their products. An employee is believed to have positively disconfirmed their role in the organisation when their perceived performance exceeds their expected performance (Roughton&Mercurio 2002). The opposite is true and r eferred to as negative disconfirmation. Negative disconfirmation occurs when an employee believes that their expectations exceed their perceived The ability for the organisation to be able to sustain effective staff training and development in the workplace is a necessity in the global market. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on training and development in the workplace (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). Other considerations which must be taken into consideration when discussing this topic are in relation to the culture and structure of the organisation as well as the importance of communication and the impact of the leadership styles on the overall behaviour of the organisation (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). The global market has allowed the transfer of skills and knowledge through migration and the internationalisation of organisations. Training and development are important to how the organisation can compete in the market, if the organisation can sustain their employees through training and development they will be able to compete in the market. The effectiveness of employees will prove to be a valuable asset to the organisation and it is important that the organisation holds on to their employees (Klein, 1998). It has been argued that the resources of an organisation are the key sources of competitiveness. There is a need to examine the background of the organisation – culture and structure to see how these can determine how the organisation perceives training and development opportunities within the organisation. This theory has also proved to have some limitations attributed to it. This implies that it has been a subject to limitations imposed on the methodlogical approach. This implies that there have been some concerns reported in relation to the measurement of expectations that have been met (Irving and Meyer, 1999). This implies that direct measurement which is utilized in prediction of the disrepency between the expectations in relation to the job and actual behavioural intentions (Irving and Meyer, 1999).Strategic ManagementStrategic management is an essential process which needs to be considered in any organisation. Thompson & Martin (2005) explain the process as being concerned with organisational actions and activities which identify and deal with threats, opportunities etc in both the internal and external environment. How strategic management is managed shows how well the organisation can adapt to change and how training and development will be welcomed in the organisational conte xt. Lamb (1984) states that strategic management assesses competitors of the organisation and sets goals and strategies which can be seen in the context of training and development and how the organisation views the importance of its employees. One of the most important strategic processes is the practice of retaining employees. It is best practice to keep the skills and knowledge available to the organisation to remain competitive and to be able to recruit the most talented individuals in the market. If an organisation has the pick of the talent through their recruitment process they can sustain their competitive advantage which will allow them to compete consistently. The type of culture is reflected through the recruitment and selection processes as well the organisational structure and culture. If an organisation can effectively train and develop their workforce as well as retain their employees. Performance management and a competitive incentive programme can enhance the ability of the organisation to select and recruit the individuals they want to recruit to positions and not just because they have to fill the position (Phillips & Pulliam Phillips (2002). Lambin (2000) defines the strategic process as allowing management to identify advantages and disadvantages. It will be important to identify the advantages and disadvantages of training and development further on in this paper but it is extremely necessary that these are identified so that the organisation can identify the skills and knowledge which they require in their organisation. The human element to the resources of the organisation are extremely important, Armstrong (2006) cites that the skills and competencies identified within the human resources process need to meet the future demands and challenges of the organisation and the environment. It will be necessary for the organisation to meet the pressures from the competitive environment and it should be prepared for this. Most organisations would not be able to function effectively in their environment without sustaining effective training and development in their workplaces. It is important that employees can be motivated i nto performing and target meeting.Organisational CultureThe culture of the organisation is an integral factor of organisational activity. Holbeche (2006) believes that there are issues linking corporate social responsibility, accountability and the stakeholder environment. The culture of the organisation will impact on the behaviour of the employees in reference to how they behave, their work attitudes, the ability to embrace change and how the organisational objectives are achievable or not. Motivational theory is extremely important (Alderfer, 1969, Vroom, 1964, Maslow, 1943, Herzberg, 1966) link the goals of the organisation to the performance and achievement of personal goals which in turn can be fuelled by how skilled and knowledgeable the individual is. The culture of the organisation can be linked to success through the achievement of the competitive advantage. Deal & Kennedy (1982) believe that the most important factor for the success or failure of the organisation is the c ulture. Culture by its very nature is implicit of behaviours within the organisation. Leadership and management are also essential to the understanding of culture and how it affects all mechanisms within the organisation (Rabey, 2003). This is also essential to the concept of training and development within the organisation as the development of management within the organisation, as the leadership role needs to grow both personally and professionally thus the impetus is on the development through training and development. The leader plays a role in the development of the organisation and if this individual is in tune with the development and training of the human resources, the organisation will embrace this concept. Schein (2004) reflects that the leadership and culture are inseparable. Structure is also important to the training and development environment within an organisation. The more rigid the hierarchical structure the less likely the culture will embrace training and development p ractices. While many organisations realise the need for progressive training and development it should be noted that not every organisation is a learning organisation (Schein, 2004).LeadershipIt is necessary to understand leadership as a concept before attempting to evaluate training and development. The development of the leader, according to Pedlar et al (2003), is that the concept is based on unexamined assumptions. There is no single definition of a leader, however, there are many attributes attached to leadership such as an ability to adapt, to make decisions, to be flexible and to be able to recognise skills within themselves and within others. The ability of the strategic manager is to be able to create an environment where employees want to participate and make a significant contribution to their role in the organisation. It is through this communicative process that the leader can identify the development requirements of the employee. The employee should be able to trust t he judgement of the leader to allow them to participate in any programmes for development and learning within the organisation (Rabey, 2003). It is also necessary that the leader can identify any developmental needs in their own career progression. If the leader is forward thinking they will bring the organisation into line with the requirement of the selection and recruitment process to enhance the competitive nature of the organisation. The performance of the individual is impacted by the authority figure in the organisational relationship and can be highly influenced by the use of incentives. One such incentive which can be used to motivate the employee is that of training and development opportunities. These types of incentives are extremely important in today’s global environment with the internationalisation of organisations and the free movement of the workforce. The more skilled the workforce, the more ability the employee has to dictate their position within the organisation. This position allows the employee to hold some power over the authority figure as they can determine where they want to go in terms of their career and their development. Communication is key to this process so that the employee knows what kind of training is available to them and for the leader to be able to communicate the type of training which may best suit the employee. It is important that the leader can apply self development to themselves before they apply it to the individuals within their organisation and there should be an ethos throughout the organisation on lifelong learning .Learning OrganisationIn today’s global environment the concept of lifelong learning is extremely important and it is necessary for all employees to keep their development and learning up to date. The availability of learning to employees should be a pre-requisite to any organisation who profess to be a global leader. It is necessary for all employees to keep their skills, resources and knowledge updated so that they can compete in their business market. The markets while very dynamic and complex are also extremely competitive, and organisations are always looking for the right individual to take up a position within the organisation, who will ultimately enhance their competitive advantage (Lambin, 2000). Lifelong learning as a concept is not new, however, the concept of learning within the organisational context is very new. This allows the individual to learn around their own experiences. Both the organisation and the individual should be in synch with each other to allow their goals to be achieved. The service which the individual can apply to their customer greatly leaves a mark on the organisation as to how proficient it is in dealing with its customer. The ability of the organisation to provide professional training for their employees will successfully promote the organisation as well as the role of the employee. It is necessary that lifelong learning should be promoted more readily in today’s global markets due to the expansion of business and the free movement of employees to other countries. Lifelong learning can be provided throughout the organisation and does not necessary mean that it must be formal, it can be on the job training, but it should be used to encourage and motivate the individual. It is important to understand that the concept of lifelong learning is not without it disadvantages and within many organisations the facility is very much available. However, it is up to the individual to decide that they wish to partake in any programme, and also up to the manager to put the employee forward for training and development. This is very much about communication. Depending on how free flowing communication is, depends on the availability of these facilities. If the employee does not push for these opportunities they can hardly be expected to be handed the opportunity. However, the manager must communicate that these opportunities are available to the employee and explain the positive features for the employee. It is also necessary that the vision and politics of the organisation match the service and opportunities which can be given to employees. The need to preserve the abilities of employees within the organisation has become increasingly important, especially for the organisation to retain the skills, knowledge and resources which it currently holds. Lifelong learning can in effect change the labour market and the direction which the organisation is heading. Smith (2001) identifies the need of an organisation to be progressive, to allow the individual to gain more knowledge throughout their career and to persuade the individual to use the resources available to them for educational and growth purposes.Benefits of Training and DevelopmentTraining and development is a particularly helpful feature to the organisation as well as the individual. The process allows both the organisation and the individual to grow alongside with the global market. It allows the individual within the organisati on to recognise that they should be motivated to perform their job to the best of their ability because they can feel more valued by the incentives which they can receive from the organisation. There are many benefits to the organisation and the employee but it should also be recognised that there are also disadvantages to this. Lifelong learning does not necessary mean that the employee has to go off site on participate in in-house training, it also means a variety of opportunities within the organisation such as job rotation, secondment etc. These types of roles allow the employee to try out the role but also it means that they can avail of training in other positions within the organisation. This type of training can also motivate the employee as it can be seen as a performance reward for their hard work. It would seem in today’s environment, the emphasis would be very much on a culture of performance equals rewards. Other types of training and development include attending classes and online courses.Advantages and disadvantages of Training and DevelopmentThe advantages which can be beneficial to the organisation is the retention of the current employees who are competent in their positions and have the ability to take on new roles within the organisation. If the employee can be trained in other po sitions it will benefit the organisation when it comes to employees leaving, thus the need for an urgent replacement for the position is no longer made a priority as the organisation can often promote or second from within. This allows the organisation some time to proceed with the recruitment and selection process to allow for them to find the right candidate. This also allows the employee to try other positions within the organisation and to decide if they wish to apply for these positions. With these types of training and development opportunities, the employee gets an opportunity to experience other roles and they may also provide a monetary incentive such as a pay rise while they are in the position. The ability of the organisation to provide these types of roles will also allow the organisation to retain their workforce and the skills and knowledge which come with that. It also enhances the skills of the employee. While there are advantages to training and development, there are also disadvantages. These disadvantages are predominately to the organisation but those which are important factors to the employee are the amount of time they would have to spend on the training and they may not be fully aware of the training opportunities which are afforded to them. This could be due to a lack of communication within the organisation or that the organisation is not overly interested in the development of their employees. One major reason that an organisation may not provide training and development would be down to cost in time and money. It may not be convenient for the organisation to spent time and money on an employee when the end result could be that they lose the skills and knowledge of the employee to another organisation due to the training and development they received. This has become more common as employees are more empowered and acknowledge the freedom to move to another job, even to mov e to another country.How Training and Development is ChangingGarrison & Anderson (2003: p.i) state that ‘The growth of e-learning is being described as explosive, unprecedented, and above all, disruptive.’ E-learning is associated with providing a framework for understanding the application and to goal set. This method of learning has become increasingly adopted as technology is evolving and transforming work practices. Many organisations have acknowledged the need to change according to reviewing the values and culture of their organisations. It has become increasingly important for organisations to adapt to the new learning environment. Training and development has changed rapidly due to global expansion. The employee no longer needs to take time off work to participate in training. Along with on the job training, it has become cost effective for employees to educate themselves through online and DVD/ CD’s. Technology has afforded organisations and employees easier ways to participate in training and development. Study can take place at the workstation or at home rather than the traditional format where the employee had to leave the workplace and travel to a destination where they could be facilitated. This has become extremely cost effective for the organisation as they are not losing man hours when the employee is studying/ on their course and it also means that workloads are not high because the work is still being completed. Along with the rise in popularity of the Internet and its main feature, namely interactivity, the human resource managers have found out that this may be used to the advantage for training and development purposes (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). The internet, as an interactive and communication medium provides wider access to the information and enables distance learning for knowledge transfer purposes. This suggests that it is much easier to engage in learning programs from any location in the world, if an individual has an Internet connection (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). Additionally, it has been estimated that the Internet is associated with lower costs, imposed on the training and development strategies. This implies that the main costs are reduced in the areas of physical distribution of training and development programs and the need for hiring a specific staff in order to maintain those. Online training allow the individual to manage the training program by himself, where he is r egarded to be in control over the situation (Venkatesh and Goyal, 2010). Van Dam, (2002) suggests that online training is utilized in combination with the offline channel, suggesting that in the majority of cases, the users of the online training system tend to maintain an offline contact whilst receiving the necessary instructions. The online training system is mainly utilized for the development of computer skills, job-related skills and technical competencies. Recently, there has been an emergence of economic recession that has affected the planning and implementation process of training and development programs. This implies that economic recession has made the companies to reconsider their costs and thereby plan the cuts, where necessary. CIPD, (in EWCO, 2009) has estimated that the performance of the majority of companies in the previous 12 months has been worsened. With regard to training and development, it has been estimated that 32 % of surveyed companies have reported cuts in the training and development budget in the previous 12 months. However, in the light of recession, despite the imposed cuts in budget, the majority of companies has estimated that training and development has not been viewed as an expendable commodity. This implies that the management of the companies still view training and development programs as the key priority for company’s achievement of organizational objectives (CIPD in EWCO, 2009; Bourke, 2009) . This suggests that there is a great potential for further investments in training and development programs, given its significance in the corporate world.Methods used in Training and DevelopmentThis type of training also encourages the employee as they can do all their study with the use of a pc and can do it during working hours at their workstation. It also allows the employee to have more say in their development and to enhance their skills. The use of IT has allowed the development of more globalised skills which are transferrable. It is also appropriate for the organisation to provide the employee with the information about training and development opportunities which is extremely easy compared to how the traditional methods had been. The employee and the organisation can research the courses/ training and development opportunities. The manager has the ability to distinguish worthwhile courses/ training opportunities according to the need of the employee with the use of IT. T his is where the ability to communicate and identify the individual needs of the employee as well as their own needs. References 1.Alderfer, C.P. (1969): An Empirical Test of a New Theory of Human Needs, Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, Vol. 4, Issue 2, May, pps. 142-175 2.Armstrong, M., (2006): A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 10th Edition, Kogan Bourke A. (2010). ‘Recession Affects Training and Development Programs’. Available from: http://www.aicpcu.org/MediaCenter/docs/articles/Recession_Affects_Training_and_Development_for_Web_10-09.pdf. Last Accessed: 13th Feb. 2012 CIPD in EWCO (2009). ‘Impact of recession on workplace training’. Available from: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2009/09/UK0909039I.htm. Last Accessed on 13th Dec. 2012 3.Deal, T.E., & Kennedy, A.A., (1982) :Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books 4.Garrison, D.R., & Anderson, T., (2003) :E-Learning in the 21st Century, RoutledgeFalmer, Taylor & Francis Group Hall, D. T., & Moss, J. E. (1998). ‘The new protean career contract: Helping organizations and employees adapt’.Organizational Dynamics, 26, 22–37. Herzberg, F. (1966) :Work and the Nature of Man, Staples Press Holbeche, L. (2006), Understanding Change: Theory, Implementation and Success, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Hung, H. & Wong Y. (2007), ‘The relationship between employer endorsement of continuing education and training and work and study performance’: A Hong Kong case study’. International Journal of Training& Development, 11, 4, pp. 295-313. Irving, P. G., and Meyer, J. P. (1999). ‘On Using Residual Difference Scores in the Measurement of Congruence: The Case of Met Expectation Research. A Longitudinal Analysis’, Personnel Psychology, 52(1), pp. 85-95. Jerling K. (1996). Education, Training, and Development in Organisation. Pearson: South Africa Keeney, M. J., & Svyantek, D. J. (2000). ‘A review of psychological contract theory and research: Promise nothing and they still may get angry’. Current Trends in Management, 5, 65–94. Kimberly, W. 2009, Value Initiatives Improving Performance in the Workplace. NY:GRIN Verlag 9.Lamb, R., (1984) Competitive Strategic Management, Prentice Hall 10.Lambin, J.J., (2000) Market-Driven Management: Strategic & Operational Marketing, MacMillan Business Landale A. (1999). Gower handbook of training and development. 3rd ed., Gower Publishing: UK 11.Maslow, A.H. (1943), ‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychological Review, Vol. 50 No. 4, pp. 370 – 396. 12.McConnell, C. R. 2004, ‘Managing Employee Performance’, Health Care Manager, Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 273, Supplemental Index. 13.Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J., & Boydell, T., (2003) A Manager’s Guide to Leadership, McGraw-Hill Phillips, J.J., & Pulliam Phillips, P., (2002) Retaining Your Best Employees: In Action Case Study Series, American Society for Training and Development Rabey, G., (2003) The Paradox of Teamwork, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 158 – 162 Robinson, S. L. (1996). ‘Trust and breach of the psychological contract’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41:574–599. Robinson, S. L., &Morrison, E.W. (1995a). ‘Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior’. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16: 289–298 Roughton, J. &Mercurio, J. 2002, Developing an effective safety culture: A Leadership Approach. NY: Butterworth-Heinemann 17.Schein, E.H. (2004): Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass 18.Thompson, J.L., & Martin, F., (2005) Strategic Management: Awareness and Change, 5th Edition, Thomson Learning 19.Smith, M. K., (2001) ‘Peter Senge and the learning organisation’, the encyclopaedia of informal education, available online at www.infed.org/thinkers/senge.htm Turnley, W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (1999a). ‘The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect’. Human Relations, 52, 895–922. Van den Bossche, P., Segers, M., & Jansen, N., (2010) Transfer of Training: The Role of Feedback in Supportive Social Networks, International Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 14, Iss. 2, pp. 81 – 94 van Dam, N. (2002). E-learning by design: Can a better-designed course help you learn moree-learning. 3(1), 38-39. Venkatesh, V. and Goyal, S.(2010). ‘Expectation Disconfirmation and Technology Adoption: Polynomial Modeling and Response Surface Analysis,’MIS Quarterly 34, (2), 281-303 Vroom, V.H. (1964), Work and Motivation, John Wiley

What Is the War Powers Act

Question: What Is the Powers Act? Answer: The War Powers Act in U.S. law requires the president of the United States to withdraw troops engaged in hostilities abroad within 60 to 90 days unless the president seeks authorization from Congress to keep the troops at war. United States Congress passed the War Powers Act in 1973, when it was believed that several previous presidents, including John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon (who was still the president at the time) exceeded their authority when they sent troops to Vietnam without congressional approval. The Constitution places the authority to declare war squarely in the hands of Congress, not the president. The Vietnam war was never declared. The War Powers Act itself requires U.S. forces to be withdrawn from foreign lands where theyre involved in hostilities in 60 days unless Congress ratifies the deployment. The president may seek a 30-day extension if thats whats needed to withdraw troops. The president is also required to report to Congress, in writing, within 48 hours of committing troops abroad. Within the 60 to 90-day window, Congress may order the immediate withdrawal of forces by passing a concurrent resolution, which would not be subject to a presidential veto. On Oct. 12, 1973, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the bill by a vote of 238 to 123, or three votes short of the two-thirds requirement to override a presidential veto. There were 73 abstentions. The Senate had approved the measure two days earlier, by a veto-proof vote of 75 to 20. On Oct. 24, Nixon vetoed the original War Powers Act, saying it imposed unconstitutional and dangerous restrictions on the presidents authority and that it would seriously undermine this nations ability to act decisively and convincingly in times of international crisis. But Nixon was a weakened president--weakened by his abuse of authority in Southeast Asia, where he had dispatched American troops to Cambodia--and of course kept American troops in Vietnam--without congressional authorization, long after the war had become unpopular and was clearly lost. The U.S. House and Senate overrode Nixons veto on Nov. 7. The House voted first, and passed it 284 to 135, or with four votes more than required to override. There were 198 Democrats and 86 Republicans voting for the resolution; 32 Democrats and 135 Republicans voted against, with 15 abstentions and one vacancy. One of the Republicans voting against was Gerald Ford, who said the bill had the potential for disaster. Ford would be president within the year. The Senate vote was similar to its first, with 75 to 18, including 50 Democrats and 25 Republicans for, and three Democrats and 15 Republicans against.