Opposition to the War of 1812 From Americans

When the United States declared war against Britain in June 1812, the vote on the declaration of war in the Congress was the closest vote on any formal declaration of war in the countrys history or since. Only 81% of the Republicans in both houses voted for the war, and not a one of the Federalists did. The close vote reflects how unpopular the war was to large segments of the American public. The opposition to the War of 1812 broke out in  riots in the east, particularly Baltimore and New York City. The reasons for that opposition had much to do with the newness of the country and its inexperience with global politics; and the messy and unclear motives for the war.   Unclear Motives for War   The official causes of the war as addressed in the declaration were that the British were suppressing international trade and press-ganging sailors. During the first decade of the 19th century, the British government was fighting off incursions of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) and to supplement their resources, they seized cargoes and impressed over 6,000 sailors from American merchant vessels.   Political attempts to resolve the situation were rejected, in part because of inept envoys and failed embargo attempts. By 1812, then President James Madison (served 1810–1814) and his Republican party decided that only war would resolve the situation. Some Republicans saw the war as a second War of Independence against the British; but others thought engaging in an unpopular war would create a Federalist surge. Federalists opposed the war, considering it unjust and immoral, and championing peace, neutrality, and free trade.   In the end, the embargoes were damaging to the businesses in the east, more than Europe—and in contrast, Republicans in the west saw the war as an opportunity to acquire Canada or parts of it.   The Role of Newspapers Northeastern newspapers regularly denounced Madison as corrupt and venal, particularly after March 1812 when the John Henry (1776–1853) scandal broke, when it was discovered that Madison had paid the British spy $50,000 for information about the Federalists which could never be proven. In addition, there was a strong suspicion among the Federalists that Madison and his political allies wanted to go to war with Britain to bring the United States closer to the France of Napoleon Bonaparte.  Ã‚   Newspapers on the other side of the argument argued that the Federalists were an English party in the United States that wanted to splinter the nation and somehow return it to British rule.  Debate over the war—even after it had been declared—dominated the summer of 1812. At a public gathering for the Fourth of July in New Hampshire, young New England attorney Daniel Webster (1782–1852) gave an oration which was quickly printed and circulated. Webster, who had not yet run for public office, denounced the war, but made a legal point: It is now the law of the land, and as such we are bound to regard it. State Government Opposition At the state level, governments were concerned that the U.S. was not militarily prepared for an all-out war. The army was too small, and states worried that their state militia would be used to bolster the regular forces. As the war began, the governors of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts refused to comply with the federal request for militia troops. They argued that the U.S. president could only requisition the state militia to defend the nation in the event of an invasion, and no invasion of the country was imminent. The state legislature in New Jersey passed a resolution condemning the declaration of war, terming it inexpedient, ill-timed, and most dangerously impolitic, sacrificing at once countless blessings. The legislature in Pennsylvania took the opposite approach, and passed a resolution condemning the New England governors who were opposing the war effort. Other state governments issued resolutions taking sides. And it is clear that in the summer of 1812 the United States was going to war despite a large split in the country. Opposition in Baltimore In Baltimore, a thriving seaport at the beginning of the war, public opinion generally tended to favor the declaration of war. In fact, privateers from Baltimore were already setting sail to raid British shipping in the summer of 1812, and the city would eventually become, two years later, the focus of a British attack. On June 20, 1812, two days after war was declared, a Baltimore newspaper, the Federal Republican, published a blistering editorial denouncing the war and the Madison administration. The article angered many citizens of the city, and two days later, on June 22, a mob descended on the newspapers office and destroyed its printing press. The publisher of the Federal Republican, Alexander C. Hanson (1786–1819), fled the city for Rockville, Maryland. But Hanson was determined to return and continue publishing his attacks on the federal government. Riots in Baltimore With a group of supporters, including two notable veterans of the Revolutionary War, James Lingan (1751–1812) and General Henry Light Horse Harry Lee (1756–1818 and the father of Robert E. Lee), Hanson arrived back in Baltimore a month later, on July 26, 1812. Hanson and his associates moved into a brick house in the city. The men were armed, and they essentially fortified the house, fully expecting another visit from an angry mob. A group of boys gathered outside the house, shouting taunts and throwing stones. Guns, presumably loaded with blank cartridges, were fired from an upper floor of the house to disperse the growing crowd outside. The stone throwing became more intense, and windows of the house were shattered. The men in the house began shooting live ammunition, and a number of people in the street were wounded. A local doctor was killed by a musket ball. The mob was driven to a frenzy. Responding to the scene, the authorities negotiated the surrender of the men in the house. About 20 men were escorted to the local jail, where they were housed for their own protection. Lynch Mob A mob assembled outside the jail on the night of July 28, 1812, forced its way inside, and attacked the prisoners. Most of the men were severely beaten, and Lingan was killed, reportedly by being struck in the head with a hammer. General Lee was beaten senseless, and his injuries probably contributed to his death several years later. Hanson, the publisher of the Federal Republican, survived, but was also severely beaten. One of Hansons associates, John Thomson, was beaten by the mob, dragged through the streets, and tarred and feathered, but survived by feigning death. Lurid accounts of the Baltimore riot were printed in American newspapers. People were particularly shocked by the killing of James Lingam, who had been wounded while serving as an officer in the Revolutionary War and had been a friend of George Washington. Following the riot, tempers cooled in Baltimore. Alexander Hanson moved to Georgetown, on the outskirts of Washington, D.C., where he continued to publish a newspaper denouncing the war and mocking the government. End of the War   Opposition to the war continued in some parts of the country. But over time the debate cooled off and more patriotic concerns, and a desire to defeat the British, took precedence. At the end of the war, Albert Gallatin (1761–1849), the nations treasury secretary, expressed a belief that the war had unified the nation in many ways, and had lessened a focus on purely local or regional interests. Of the American people at the end of the war, Gallatin wrote: They are more Americans; they feel and act more as a nation; and I hope that the permanency of the Union is thereby better secured. Regional differences, of course, would remain a permanent part of American life. Before the war had officially ended, legislators from the New England states gathered at the Hartford Convention and argued for changes in the U.S. Constitution. The members of the Hartford Convention were essentially federalists who had opposed the war. Some of them argued that states which had not wanted the war should split from the federal government. The talk of secession, more than four decades before the Civil War, did not lead to any substantial action. The official end of the War of 1812 with the Treaty of Ghent occurred and the ideas of the Hartford Convention faded away. Later events, events such as the Nullification Crisis, the prolonged debates about slavery in America, the secession crisis, and the Civil War still pointed to regional splits in the nation. But Gallatins larger point, that the debate over the war ultimately bound the country together, had some validity. Sources and Further Reading   Bukovansky, Mlada. American Identity and Neutral Rights from Independence to the War of 1812. International Organization 51.2 (1997): 209–43. PGilje, Paul A. The Baltimore Riots of 1812 and the Breakdown of the Anglo-American Mob Tradition. Journal of Social History 13.4 (1980): 547–64. Hickey, Donald R. The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict, Bicentennial Edition. Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 2012.  Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Henry-Crillon Affair of 1812. Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society 69 (1947): 207–31. Strum, Harvey. New York Federalists and Opposition to the War of 1812. World Affairs 142.3 (1980): 169–87.Taylor, Alan. The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, and Indian Allies. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010.

Afghanistan s Geography Afghanistan - 1527 Words

Afghanistan’s Geography: Afghanistan is a country that is rich in history and war. Going back to early human civilization, many empires resided in this country. This country’s history is so vast some experts say that the relics and artifacts are just a grand as the artifacts from Egypt. â€Å"Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East, Afghanistan has long been a prize sought by empire builders, and for millennia great armies have attempted to subdue it, leaving traces of their efforts in great monuments now fallen to ruin.† (Dupree, et al., 2016) Afghanistan is landlocked country that boarders seven countries, located in south-central Asia. The nearest body of water is over 300 miles away. â€Å"Because of both its isolation and its volatile political history, it remains one of the most poorly surveyed areas of the world.† (Dupree, et al., 2016) With the rugged terrain holds a rugged trail of women’s rights. 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Cardiac Catheterization Free Essays

Cardiac catheterization is often referred to as coronary angiography or a coronary angiogram. It is a radiographic procedure that is used to look at and visualize the heart and the coronary arteries. During a cardiac catheterization it is possible for the cardiologist performing the procedure to see how effectively blood is flowing through the coronary arteries. We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiac Catheterization or any similar topic only for you Order Now In addition, this procedure allows the cardiologists to see how blood is moving through the chambers of the heart and how effective the heart valves are functioning. A cardiac catheterization can also allow for the visualization of the movement of the walls of the heart to see if the pumping action of the heart is normal. The primary application of cardiac catheterization is to determine if there is the presence of coronary artery disease. If there is occlusion of the coronary arteries this is the result of atherosclerosis, or plaque build up within the coronary arteries. During a cardiac catheterization it is possible for the physician to identify the location and size of these plaque deposits. The presence of plaque within the coronary arteries can lead to a myocardial infarction; therefore, if the plaque buildup is substantial, therapeutic action has to be taken. This treatment may include coronary bypass surgery if the coronary artery disease is widespread and or the arteries are occluded to a large degree. A large number of patients who do have coronary artery disease are treated in the cardiac cath lab during the catheterization with procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and angioplasty with stenting and artherectomy. Angioplasty is performed by inserting a catheter into the coronary artery that is blocked. The catheter has balloon that can be inflated where the blockage is present. The pressure from the inflated balloon will force the plaque to the sides of the coronary artery. This will allow the artery to open and allow for increased blood flow through that branch of the coronary arteries. Once the plaque is moved aside the cardiologist will insert a tiny expandable wire tube known as a stent. The stent will be placed where it can be expanded to hold the artery open. Some stents are designed to simply keep the artery held open. Other stents used are drug-eluting stents. These stents are coated with pharmacologic agents that work to prevent restenosis of the artery. Another form of PCI is artherectomy. This is a procedure that has a cardiologist using a cutting blade that spins rapidly or a laser beam to cut away or burn away plaque that is blocking a branch of the coronary arteries. To perform a cardiac catheterization the patient is brought to the cardiac catheterization lab. These procedures are performed by specially trained cardiologists, nurses and radiologic technologists. The procedure is performed on a specialized table with fluoroscopy equipment, cardiac monitoring equipment, and the use of computerized technology to assist in data and image collection and analysis. To perform a cardiac catheterization the cardiologist will insert a sheath, or a short tube usually into the femoral artery. A long very thin catheter will then be fed through the sheath and guided through the arteries until it is in the heart and coronary arteries. The physician uses fluoroscopy equipment to guide the catheter into the coronary arteries. To allow for clear viewing of the coronary arteries, contrast material is injected into the catheter. As the contrast material flows through the heart chambers and coronary arteries x-rays are taken. The physician can than visualize the heart, valve function, and the flow through the coronary arteries. Any obstructions in the coronaries will become readily visible. The contrast material used to allow for the visualization of blood flow is iodine based and is flushed through the patients system rather quickly once the test is completed. The contrast material will be injected into the catheter that has been fed into the heart. As the contrast material flows through the heart x-rays are taken as a motion picture. This allows the cardiologist to not only visualize the flow of blood through the heart and coronary arteries, but the wall motion and valve function can be seen as well. This component of a cardiac catheterization is the actual coronary angiogram. If there is coronary artery disease, which is a blockage in some branch or branches of the coronary arteries, these blockages will be visible during the angiogram. The cardiologist performing the procedure will then determine the course of therapy to enhance blood flow through the coronaries. In mild cases, the patients may be treated medically with no cardiac catheterization intervention. In more severe cases the cardiologist might perform angioplasty with stenting. In those cases where stent placement cannot be done, or if the coronary artery disease is too widespread, then coronary artery bypass surgery might be warranted. A cardiac catheterization generally takes about 30 minutes. It can take longer if the cardiologist has to perform angioplasty and place multiple stents. Following the procedure the patient may remain in the hospital overnight or they may be able to go home after a few hours of recovery time. Most cardiac catheterizations are done via catheter insertion into the femoral artery. When the procedure is completed the sheath will be removed and the entry site will be closed with the application of pressure and a suture device or plug. A cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure done in a sterile O. R. like environment. Although, the complications are rare, they do exist. Complications include: Allergic reaction to the contrast material, irregular heart rhythm, bleeding where the catheter was removed, infection, coronary artery spasm or acute closure, a tear and bleeding, and the need for emergency heart surgery. However, the benefits far out weigh the risks. The clinical information that this gold standard test provides about the heart, and the ability to open coronary arteries without surgery makes this procedure critical for those who are believed to have heart disease. How to cite Cardiac Catheterization, Papers

Showa-Packard Case free essay sample

The Tanaka incident came about through several other events preceding. Mr. Tanaka was nominated to replace the late president on the joint venture board. This appointment according to Mr. Harper was based on the Japanese seniority system and not in accordance with qualifications for the position. The seniority system as described by Mr. Harper is giving Mr. Tanaka the position to simply retire into. In addition to Mr. Harper’s description behind the reasoning to Mr. Tanaka’s appointment, Mr. Johnson does not see Mr. Tanaka qualified to fill this position. In response to his own concerns, Mr. Johnson nominates Mr. Abe as the president based on his qualifications and prior experienced working with him. The Showa Company respectfully rejects Mr. Johnson’s proposal on the basis is would be detrimental to the joint venture and to Mr. Abe’s future. The Showa Company also defends Mr. Tanaka’s qualifications for the position by claiming that Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Showa-Packard Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Johnson’s judgment is unfair, because he has yet to meet him. The Tanka appointment has several causes that make it an issue. The Tanaka appointment became a concern to Mr. Johnson, as he feels his appointment could harm the joint venture’s success. It first became an issue, because Mr. Johnson found Mr. Tanaka’s qualifications unfit for the position. The concern seemed to grow as Mr. Harper began to explain the culture of the company’s seniority system that gave Mr. Tanaka the position. This caused negative personal feelings with Mr. Johnson. In the case, it described it as resentment, as if he sees the appointment of Mr. Tanaka deals more with the company’s culture, and the actual business of the joint venture is not important to the Showa Company. Additionally, Mr. Johnson feel this appointment highlights the loss of initiative the Packard management holds in the joint venture and appointing a different person because he said so would regain that initiative. Another possible cause to this issue is Mr. Harper himself, Mr. Harper complains about his inability to integrate and communicate with his Japanese counterparts. Miscommunication and lack of cohesiveness with the company from Mr. Harper’s standpoint could lead to misinterpretation of the real reasoning behind Mr. Tanka’s appointment. It is very possible that the Show Company’s organizational structure functions as Mr. Harper believes, but without the communication and good interrelations, how does Mr. Harper know the true intentions behind Mr. Tanaka’s appointment? Another reason for this issue was pointed out by the Showa Company. Mr. Johnson judged Mr. Tanaka solely on his qualifications on paper, how does Mr. Johnson know that Mr. Tanaka isn’t just as qualified as Mr. Abe? The reasoning behind Mr. Johnson’s recommendation for Mr. Abe was based on his admirations of qualities such as being dynamic, highly motivated, and pragmatic. These admirable qualities are generally not found in the employees work history, but realized through interacting with the individual. Mr. Tanaka could easily possess the same qualities. The Tanaka appointment incident has potential to cause business and personnel cohesive issues. A resolution to such a complex issue must also be complex, and could possibly cause additional strain on the joint venture relationships. The two companies came upon an agreement during the joint venture that the president appointee would be approved by the board and the American company. If Mr. Johnson truly feels that Mr. Tanaka is not qualified, after a fair assessment of his qualifications and putting personal resentment aside, then Mr. Johnson must enforce the previously arranged agreement and disapprove of Mr. Tanaka as president. This enforcement does have potential to cause tension on the foreign relationships. However, it would allow Mr. Johnson to regain his initiative, and allow both companies to have the desired candidate. The newly appointed president should be agreed upon with the equally represented board. This candidate should appease both Showa’s need for seniority and Packard’s need for superior qualifications. Mr. Johnson should also be sensitive to the organizational structure of the Showa Company and create a position for Mr. Tanaka on the joint venture team that he is more qualified for, and can still allow him to retire into it. This conflict branches from several issues but can be resolved through diplomatic and strategic resolutions.